Neuroscience/
Neuroplasticity
Clinical Data
• Marie is a 35-year-old woman who has been referred to your care by her physician
• Let’s hear from Marie to find out more about why she has come to see you today
This is a hypothetical BOTOX®-treated patient case study developed in collaboration with an expert based on their experience with many patients. Case studies are intended to encourage scientific debate and exchange and to enhance appropriate patient management. Case studies are representative only, and individual patient responses may vary.
Lifestyle and Assessment
EDC, extensor digitorum communis; MRC, Medical Research Council Scale for Muscle Strength
Decision Point:
Goal Setting and Patient Assessment
You have seen Marie’s clinical presentation, she is able to pick up objects but has difficulty releasing them. Based on the clinical results shown on the previous slide, a BOTOX® injection session was scheduled.1
Improved Hygiene and Comfort
Improved Rehabilitation with
PT and OT
Improved Daily Activity Functions
Increased Strength of Finger Flexors
Increased Motivation and Adherence
Other
OT, occupational therapy; PT, physical therapy.
Goal Setting
Marie has been set the following goal to achieve through her treatment.
The rationale for this decision is below.
Improved Daily Activity Functions
BOTOX®1 injections, PT, and OT should help Marie improve her hand function while increasing her motivation and adherence to the treatment programme, with the aim of meeting her treatment goal.
OT, occupational therapy; PT, physical therapy.
Decision Point:
Upper Limb Assessment
You have taken a look at Marie’s current profile and the goal set to be achieved for her treatment.
Ashworth and Tardieu Scales
Finochietto Test
Box and Block Test
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test
Video Recording
3D Movement Analysis
Other
*Recommended assessment measures may vary by country. Please refer to your local guidance on upper limb spasticity for further information on recommended assessments.
You have received the results of all the assessments that were performed on Marie.
Ashworth Scale and Tardieu Scale
Spasticity was assessed using the Ashworth Scale (reference international scale) and the Tardieu Scale (gives the ‘spasticity angle’ and the ‘paresis angle’, which are more sensitive to change). Spasticity was graded as follows:
• Wrist Flexors: A1 T1 130/90/120 (neutral position is 90°)
• Finger Flexors: A2 T2 200/90/130 (neutral position is 180°)
Finochietto Test
The Finochietto Test helps to differentiate extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscle spasticity and shortening.
Box and Block Test with Video Recording
The Box and Block Test is used to test functioning.
Decision Point:
BOTOX® Muscle Selection and Dosing
You have taken a look at the results of Marie’s assessments.
BOTOX® Muscle Selection and Dosing
Marie received BOTOX®1 to her FPL, FDS, and FDP in doses of 20, 40, and 40 U, respectively. She did not receive any BOTOX®1 to her FCR.
See more about this decision below.
Total dose = 100 U1
FCR 0 U
(recommended dose: 15–60 U, 1–2 sites)1
FPL 20 U
(recommended dose: 20 U, 1–2 sites)1
FDS 40 U and FDP 40 U
(recommended doses: 15–50 U, 1–2 sites)1
• Ashworth 1
• Small dose to minimise the risk of finger flexor weakness interfering with prehension
FCR, flexor carpi radialis; FDP, flexor digitorum profundus; FDS, flexor digitorum sublimis; FPL, flexor pollicis longus.
Image from Abbvie and supported by Feneis H et al. 2000.2
Decision Point:
BOTOX® Dilution
You have seen the muscles targeted with BOTOX®1 and the doses used to treat Marie’s spasticity.
BOTOX® Dilution
The following dilution was used for Marie’s BOTOX®1 injections.
The rationale for this decision is below.
2 mL/100 U dilution
A 0.4-mL volume (20 U) was administered at each injection site.
FPL:
20 U = one injection site
FDS and FDP:
40 U = two injection sites each
FDP, flexor digitorum profundus; FDS, flexor digitorum sublimis; FPL, flexor pollicis longus.
Decision Point:
Techniques to Support BOTOX® Administration
When administering BOTOX®1, a key factor in aiming to achieve optimum outcomes is injection into the correct muscles.
Techniques to Support BOTOX® Administration
Marie’s BOTOX®1 was administered using electromyography, electrical stimulation, and ultrasound to aid accuracy, in addition, the use of all three techniques may combine the advantage of each.
The rationale for this decision is below:
Combination of Electromyography, Nerve Stimulation, and Ultrasound
Decision Point:
Adjuvant Therapies Alongside BOTOX® Treatment
You have seen the administration technique, dosage, and dilution of BOTOX®1 that Marie received.
Adjuvant Therapies Alongside BOTOX® Treatment
Taping and self-rehabilitation programme with stretching was initiated alongside Marie’s BOTOX® treatment.
The rationale for this decision is below.
• Improves functional recovery
• Reduces muscle shortening and development of contractures
Decision Point:
Patient Follow-up
You have decided the other treatments which may help lead to functional improvements for Marie following BOTOX®1 treatment.
Patient Follow-up
In Marie’s case, a follow-up was arranged at 2 months post-BOTOX®1 treatment to assess whether she had effectively achieved her set goal.
Decision Point:
Assessing Treatment Effectiveness
Marie’s follow-up assessment was arranged for 2 months later.
Assessment Results
The Box and Block Test with the ABILHAND scale and GAS assessment were performed at Marie’s follow-up to determine whether she had effectively achieved her set goal.
The results of the performed assessments are given below:
• Performed with the OT to assess hand function by means of the ABILHAND scale
• Evaluates the impairment and activity level of the ICF
• At 6 weeks post-injection, Marie was able to move five more blocks in the Box and Block Test
• Obtained a score of >50
GAS, Goal Attainment Scale; ICF, International Classification of Functioning; OT, occupational therapist.
• He is a 60-year-old right-handed man who has been working in the construction industry
• He has been referred to your care after suffering a stroke 4 weeks ago
Disclaimer: This is a hypothetical BOTOX®-treated patient case study developed in collaboration with an expert based on their experience with many patients. Case studies are intended to encourage scientific debate and exchange and to enhance appropriate patient management. Case studies are representative only and individual patient responses may vary. Please refer to your local guidelines and Prescribing Information for guidance on assessments and treatments for post-stroke spasticity in your country.
Current Presentation and Function
Left middle cerebral artery ischaemic stroke leading to a hemiplegic right upper and lower limb as well as expressive aphasia.
Age: 60 years old
Employment: Construction industry (currently office-based)
Symptoms (4 weeks post-stroke):
Function (4 weeks post-stroke):
Patient History
BMI, body mass index.
Current Management
Product names and indications can vary by country.
Social History and Lifestyle
Clinical Assessment at the Time of His Stroke
Right-Hand Side
• All muscle groups scored 2 out of 5 on the MRC scale (5 considered normal)
• Sensitivity to light touch was decreased in the right upper and lower limb, but full sensory examination was difficult as the patient has aphasia
MRC, Medical Research Council.
.
Broca’s Aphasia (expressive aphasia)
Left-Hand Side
• Upper and lower limbs scored 5 out of 5 on the MRC scale
• Sensation appeared intact
Decision Point:
Patient Assessment
Patient Assessment Results I
At 4 weeks post-stroke, the following clinical assessments were performed on Stefan.
MRC Muscle Scale
Weakness on the right-hand side
• MRC scale: 1–2 upper limb, 2–3 lower limb (5 considered normal)
Modified Ashworth Scale (right-hand side)
• Elbow flexors: 1+ to 2
• Wrist flexors: 1+ to 2
• Thumb-in-palm deformity: 2 (MC adduction, MCP normal, IP hyperflexion)
Modified Tardieu Scale (right-hand side)
• Elbow flexors: V0 60°, V1 135°, V3 80°
• Wrist flexors: V0 40°, V1 0°, V3 15°
IP, interphalangeal; MC, metacarpal; MCP, metacarpophalangeal; MRC, Medical Research Council.
Patient Assessment Results II
At 4 weeks post-stroke, the following clinical assessments were performed on Stefan.
Numeric Rating Scale for Pain
• 3/10 right upper limb
Clonus Assessment
• Two beats of clonus noted in the wrist flexors
(flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis) in the right upper limb
Sensory Examination
• There appears to be deficiency only on the right side, but this is difficult to assess due to aphasia
Caregiver’s Perspective
We will now hear from Stefan’s wife, Linda.
Not the real voice of a caregiver.
Determining the Course of Action
Following Stefan’s clinical assessment, there is a conversation with Stefan and his wife about what improvements and goals they would like to work towards as part of a management programme.
Goal-Setting Conversations
Stefan and his wife provided the following list of potential goals.
Decision Point:
Goal Setting
Goal-Setting Conversations Based on GAS
The following goals were recommended for Stefan and his wife.
GAS calculation at baseline: 50
• Stefan and his wife agreed with the recommendations and asked what the next steps would be
• Based on the goal of wanting to improve hand function, it was decided that they would not focus on the management of the elbow
GAS, Goal Attainment Scale.
Post-stroke Spasticity Referral Tool
Using the information about Stefan and his wife’s goals, the results of the clinical assessment and everything you have learned from him and his wife, you decide to determine the next course of action using the
Post-stroke Spasticity Referral Tool
Post-stroke Spasticity (PSS) Referral Tool
This tool is recommended by experts in the field of stroke rehabilitation and neurorehabilitation to be used when evaluating patients who have had a stroke. Ideally, this should be used within the first 12 weeks post-stroke, but it can still be used at other timepoints. It is recommended that this screening tool be used during regular follow-up visits following a stroke to identify and manage the symptoms of PSS.
Possible additional risk factors for the development of PSS include:
Smoking (defined as current and past smokers)8,18 | Left-sided stroke8 | Enhanced manual activities prior to the stroke8
*Based on the clinical expertise of Dr. Rhoda Allison, Dr. Ganesh Bavikatte, Professor Philippe Marque, Associate Professor Barry Rawicki, Dr. Maria Matilde de Mello Sposito, Dr. Paul Winston & Professor Jörg Wissel.
Material developed and funded by AbbVie.
The PSS Referral Tool is non-promotional and intended to provide healthcare professionals with a complementary tool to facilitate their daily practice. Nothing contained in this tool shall be interpreted to constitute professional medical advice or to substitute the informed professional judgment of a healthcare professional. AbbVie accepts no responsibility for using this tool.
Decision Point:
Categorisation
Decision Point:
Patient Management
Post-stroke Spasticity (PSS) Referral Tool
This tool is recommended by experts in the field of stroke rehabilitation and neurorehabilitation to be used when evaluating patients who have had a stroke. Ideally this should be used within the first 12 weeks post-stroke, but it can still be used at other timepoints. It is recommended that this screening tool be used during regular follow-up visits following a stroke to identify and manage the symptoms of PSS.
Possible Additional Risk Factors for the Development of PSS Include:
Smoking (defined as current and past smokers)8,18 | Left-sided stroke8 | Enhanced manual activities prior to the stroke8
*Based on the clinical expertise of Dr. Rhoda Allison, Dr. Ganesh Bavikatte, Professor Philippe Marque, Associate Professor Barry Rawicki, Dr. Maria Matilde de Mello Sposito, Dr. Paul Winston & Professor Jörg Wissel.
Material developed and funded by AbbVie.
The PSS Referral Tool is non-promotional and intended to provide healthcare professionals with a complementary tool to facilitate their daily practice. Nothing contained in this tool shall be interpreted to constitute professional medical advice or to substitute the informed professional judgment of a healthcare professional. AbbVie accepts no responsibility for using this tool.
Patient Management
After discussions with Stefan’s wife, the following management plan was implemented for Stefan.
PSS, post-stroke spasticity.
Caregiver’s Perspective
We will now hear from Stefan’s wife, Linda.
Not the real voice of a caregiver.
Patient Follow-up
Stefan was referred to a spasticity specialist. He had an initial appointment with the specialist
1-month post-stroke, who decided to monitor the situation to see how Stefan got on with his current management plan.
A follow-up appointment with the spasticity specialist was scheduled for 2 months post-stroke.
Caregiver’s Perspective
We will now hear from Stefan’s wife, Linda.
Not the real voice of a caregiver.
Patient Management
Following Stefan’s diagnosis, there is a conversation with Stefan, his wife and the specialist about the available management options that could be appropriate, taking into account Stefan’s goals. It is agreed that improvement in hand function is still one of the goals that Stefan and his wife want to focus on.
Decision Point:
Patient Management
Involve an Occupational Therapist and Discuss Splinting the Upper Limb
BOTOX®1 Injection into the Following Muscles: FCU, FCR, FPL, and Adductor Pollicis; Involve Occupational Therapist for Splinting Hand and Physical Therapy for Adjuvant Therapy
BOTOX®1 Injection into the Following Muscles: FCU, FCR, FDP, FDS, FPL, and Adductor Pollicis
BOTOX®1 Injection into the Following Muscles: FCU, FCR, FDP, FDS, and FPL; Involve Occupational Therapist for Splinting Hand and Physical Therapy for Adjuvant Therapy
Other – I Would Recommend a Different Management Option
FCR, flexor carpi radialis; FCU, flexor carpi ulnaris; FDP, flexor digitorum profundus; FDS, flexor digitorum sublimis/superficialis; FPL, flexor pollicis longus; PSS, post-stroke spasticity.
Patient Management
The following management plan was recommended to Stefan and his wife.
BOTOX® Injection, Occupational Therapy, and Physical Therapy
Stefan and His Wife Agree with the Recommendations and Ask What the Next Steps Will Be.
FCR, flexor carpi radialis; FCU, flexor carpi ulnaris; FPL, flexor pollicis longus; PSS, post-stroke spasticity.
Patient Assessment Results
Following BOTOX®1 injections, Stefan is assessed after 6 weeks and has the following results.
Modified Ashworth Scale (Right-Hand Side)
• Wrist flexors: 1
• Thumb-in-palm deformity: 1
Modified Tardieu Scale (Right-Hand Side)
• Wrist flexors: V0 40°, V1 0°, V2 10°
Numeric Rating Scale for Pain
• Right upper limb: 2/10
Goal Attainment Scale
• Improvement in hand function
• Improvement in independence when performing daily activities
• Calculation at baseline: 50; achieved 68.6; change 18.6
The Future for Stefan
Stefan and his wife had a conversation with the specialist about the future and next steps for Stefan’s management plan. The specialist emphasised to them the importance of adhering to the management plan and recommended a BOTOX®1 injection be continued as per a defined treatment schedule.
Case Conclusion
PSS, post-stroke spasticity.
aMildly increased muscle stiffness is a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) 1 or +1, while moderately is MAS 2, markedly is MAS 3, and severe is MAS 4* (see Bohannon RW, et al. 1987 for more information19).
bMeasured using the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Scale3 (see Fugl-Meyer AR, et al. 1975 for more information11).
cMuscle contractions may occur due to spasms, disturbed reciprocal inhibition, or spastic dystonia and should be differentiated from contractures
dVisual inattention includes hemianopsia, scotoma, or visual neglect.
eCan be measured with the Barthel Index (low score) and EQ-5D (low score).8
The PSS Referral Tool was created with the assistance of a group of international experts in the field of PSS, utilising both published risk factors and their own clinical experience.
Publications related to the tool:
Wissel J, Allison A, Bavikatte G, et al. Development of an Early Identification Tool in Post-Stroke Spasticity (PSS): The PSS Risk Classification System. Poster presented at the DGN Congress, 25–28 September 2019, Stuttgart, Germany
References
1. AbbVie Limited. BOTOX® Summary of Product Characteristics. (Accessed: November 2022).
2. Feneis H, et al. Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed. Stuttgart; Germany: Thieme Publishing Group. 2000. ISBN-13: 978-3135112046.
3. Royal College of Physicians. Spasticity in adults: management using botulinum toxin. National guidelines. 2018. Available at: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/guidelines-policy/spasticity-adults-management-using-botulinum-toxin (Accessed: November 2022).
4. Santamato A. Int J Phys Med Rehabil Editorial. 2016;4(5).
5. Atenolol 100 mg/25 mg film-coated tablets. Summary of Product Characteristics. Gerard Laboratories. 2018. (Accessed: December 2022).
6. Metformin 1000 mg film-coated tablets. Summary of Product Characteristics. Merck Ltd. 2022. (Accessed: December 2022).
7. Catapano AL, et al. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999–3058.
8. Wissel J, Verrier M, Simpson DM, et al. Post-stroke spasticity: Predictors of early development and considerations for therapeutic intervention. PM R. 2015;7:60–67.
9. Sunnerhagen KS. Predictors of spasticity after stroke. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2016;4:182–185.
10. Opheim A, Danielsson A, Murphy MA, et al. Early prediction of long-term upper limb spasticity after stroke. Neurology. 2015;85:873–880.
11. Fugl-Meyer AR, Jääskö L, Leyman I, et al. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. Scand J Med. 1975;7:13–31.
12. Wilkinson D, Sakel M, Camp SJ, et al. Patients with hemispatial neglect are more prone to limb spasticity, but this does not prolong their hospital stay. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:1191–1195.
13. De Jong LD, Hoonhorst MH, Stuive I, et al. Arm motor control as predictor for hypertonia after stroke: A prospective cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1411–1417.
14. Nijland RH, va Wegen EE, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, et al. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: the EPOS cohort study Stroke. 2010;41:745–750.
15. Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P, et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:13–25.
16. NICE guideline: Stroke rehabilitation in adults. June 2013. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg162/resources/stroke-rehabilitation-in-adults-pdf-35109688408261 (Accessed: December 2022).
17. Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B, et al. Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke. 2005;36:e100–43.
18. Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, et al. Predicting spasticity after stroke in those surviving to 12 months. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18:438–443.
19. Bohannon RW and Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther. 1987;67:206–207.
20. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. 2016. Available at: https://www.strokeaudit.org/SupportFiles/Documents/Guidelines/2016-National-Clinical-Guideline-for-Stroke-5t-(1).aspx (Accessed: December 2022).